Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP)
Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders:
Methamphetamine & Cocaine - 1999
Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 33
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Appendix D -- Glossary
Addiction:
A chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug use, and by neurological adaptations in the brain.
Amygdala:
A discrete brain area that is part of the limbic system, has a large number of dopamine-containing neurons, and plays a role in the learning and performing of certain behaviors in response to incentive stimuli (i.e., motivation, reinforcement).
Analog:
A chemical compound that is similar to another drug in its effects, but differs slightly in its chemical structure.
Anergia:
Lack of energy.
Anhedonia:
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities; the inability to feel pleasure.
Anorexia:
Loss of appetite, accompanied by weight loss and thin, gaunt appearance.
Arrhythmia:
Irregular heartbeat.
Axon:
A long, thin fiber that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body and on to other neurons.
Benzodiazepines:
Drugs that relieve anxiety or are prescribed as sedatives; they are among the most widely prescribed medications and include valium and librium.
Bradycardia:
Slowed heartbeat.
Bruxism:
The habitual, involuntary grinding of teeth, usually during sleep.
Cachexia:
Weight loss, wasting of muscle, and debility.
Central nervous system (CNS):
The brain and spinal cord.
Cerebellum:
A brain structure that controls coordination and regulation of complex voluntary muscular movements, posture, and balance.
Choreoathetoid:
Involuntary movement.
Convulsion:
An abnormal, uncontrollably violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles; spasm or series of jerkings of the face, trunk, or limbs.
Craving:
A powerful, often uncontrollable desire for drugs.
Dendrites:
Thin, branched extensions of a neuron that extend from the cell in branched tendrils to receive information from adjacent neurons; they conduct electrical impulses inward toward the cell body.
Dermatitis:
Inflammation of the skin.
Designer drug:
A synthetic analog of a restricted drug that has psychoactive properties.
Detoxification:
A process of allowing the body to rid itself of a drug while managing the symptoms of withdrawal; often the first step in a drug treatment program.
Diaphoresis:
Profuse sweating, often with chills.
Diastolic blood pressure:
The pressure exerted by the blood on the cavities of the heart at the moment when they fill with blood.
Dopamine:
A neurotransmitter present in several brain regions involved in movement, emotion, motivation, reinforcement, and feelings of pleasure.
Dopaminergic:
Dopamine-mediated.
Dysphoria:
A mood of general dissatisfaction, restlessness, and anxiety.
Glucose utilization:
A general indicator of physiological activity; in the brain, an indicator of neurological activity presumed to be information processing.
Hypertension:
Elevated blood pressure.
Hyperthermia:
Elevated body temperature.
Limbic system:
A group of subcortical brain structures that are especially concerned with emotion and motivation.
Narcolepsy:
A disorder characterized by uncontrollable attacks of deep sleep.
Neuron:
The morphological and functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body, dendrites, and axon.
Neurotransmitters:
Chemical substances that transmit signals between neurons and that modulate neuronal activity.
Nucleus accumbens:
A discrete brain area that is part of the limbic system, has a large number of dopamine-containing neurons, and plays a role in the learning and performing of certain behaviors in response to incentive stimuli (i.e., motivation and reinforcement).
Paranoia:
A mental disorder characterized by the presence of systematized delusions, often of a persecutory character, involving being followed, poisoned, or harmed by other means, in an otherwise intact personality.
Physical dependence:
An adaptive physiological state that occurs with regular drug use and results in a withdrawal syndrome when drug use stops.
Psychosis:
A mental and behavioral disorder characterized by symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations that indicate an impaired conception of reality.
Psychosocial intervention:
An individual or group interaction that examines both psychological and social aspects of a person's life (e.g., age, education, marital, and related aspects of a person's life history).
Rhabdomyolysis:
An acute, potentially fatal disease of skeletal muscle characterized by muscle pain, weakness, and the production of red-brown urine.
Rush:
A surge of euphoric pleasure that rapidly follows administration of a drug.
Seizure:
Manifestation of a sudden onset of an abnormal mental or physical state, often characterized by complex behaviors, impaired consciousness, and convulsions.
Serotonin:
A neurotransmitter that has been implicated in states of consciousness, mood, depression, and anxiety.
Serotonergic:
Serotonin-mediated.
Stereotyped behaviors:
Frequent, almost mechanical repetition of the same posture, meaningless gestures or movement, or form of speech (as in schizophrenia).
Substantia nigra:
A discrete brain area that is part of the nigrostriatal system, interacts with the limbic system, has a large number of dopamine-containing cells, and is involved in learning to automatically execute complex movements triggered by a voluntary command; degenerative impairments in this area cause motor disturbances that occur in Parkinson's disease.
Synapse:
A microscopic gap, cleft, or junction between neurons across which chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are transmitted.
Systolic blood pressure:
The pressure exerted by the blood on the cavities of the heart at the moment when they contract.
Tachycardia:
Rapid heartbeat, with or without arrhythmia and chest pain.
Tolerance:
A condition in which higher doses of a drug are required to produce the same effect as experienced initially; often leads to physical dependence.
Toxic:
Temporary or permanent drug effects that are detrimental to the function or structure of a cell, organ, or organ system.
Urticaria:
An eruption of itching wheals, usually of systemic origin, which may be due to a state of hypersensitivity to food, drugs, or physical agents, such as heat or cold.
Ventral tegmental area:
A discrete brain area that is part of the mesocortical system, interacts with the limbic system, has a large number of dopamine-containing neurons, and is involved in attention span and short-term memory.
Withdrawal:
A psychological and/or physical syndrome caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of a drug in an habituated individual.
|
|
